Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sheets have emerged as promising materials for membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their exceptional mechanical properties and resistance to fouling. This study aims to analyze the performance of PVDF MBRs in treating domestic wastewater. The experimental investigation focuses on key parameters such as removal ef

Hollow fiber membranes have emerged as a popular technology in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their favorable structural properties. These fibers, characterized by a porous hollow core and a dense outer layer, provide a significant surface area for biofilmgrowth and efficient separation of contaminants. The high flux achieved with hollow